home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 114Reinventing the Wheel
-
-
- Recent advances make bicycles faster, safer and simpler to ride
-
- By LINDA WILLIAMS
-
-
- When it comes to planet-friendly modes of transportation,
- it is hard to beat a bicycle. Biking uses no fossil fuels, does
- not pollute the atmosphere and is a great form of exercise for
- this fitness-crazed era. But in the age of high tech, bicycles
- have long seemed old-fashioned, a classical conveyance stuck
- with a century-old design: two equal-size wheels, a welded steel
- frame, manual gear shifting, pedals and a chain. While cars have
- loaded up with electronic gadgetry, bicycles have watched the
- wheels of progress roll by.
-
- Until now. Computer-aided design and aerospace technology
- have helped create a new breed of bicycles that make riding
- safer, easier and a lot more fun. Originally created for Olympic
- cyclists and now available to recreational riders, these faster,
- lighter vehicles incorporate such features as composite-fiber
- frames, three-spoke wheels, hydraulic brakes and automatic
- gearshifts. High-tech models can run well over $1,000 in the
- U.S., but the price should drop as production increases. A
- survey of how bikes are changing:
-
- FRAMES. Whether carrying Greg LeMond in a Tour de France
- alpine climb or a suburban parent with a child in tow, bicycle
- frames undergo incredible stress, especially where the hollow
- tubular pieces are joined. For decades, engineers struggled to
- strengthen frames while making them lighter. That task seemed
- impossible until manufacturers turned to materials used for jet
- fighters and missiles. Frames constructed of aluminum, titanium,
- carbon fiber and various metal combinations have proved to be
- stronger, stiffer, more shock absorbent and lighter than steel
- ones. The popular Kestrel frames from Cycle Composites, based
- in Watsonville, Calif., are made of molded carbon fiber.
- One-piece and aerodynamically designed, they are stronger and
- up to 1 kg lighter than premium steel frames.
-
- WHEELS. Modern fibers are also making a difference in
- bicycle wheels, which traditionally feature dozens of thin metal
- spokes within a pliable rim. While multispoked wheels minimize
- wind resistance, they are easily bent out of shape. In the
- mid-'80s, solid "disk" wheels made of Kevlar improved matters
- but were somewhat hard to control in crosswinds. A solution came
- early this year from Specialized Bicycle Components of Morgan
- Hill, Calif.: a three-spoke wheel developed with Du Pont.
- Specialized's wheel, a composite of carbon fiber, epoxy resin,
- Kevlar and aluminum, has an air-foil shape, and was designed
- with a Cray supercomputer. Tests proved the wheels are faster
- and more durable than traditional ones.
-
- BRAKES. Standard brakes work much like the ones Italy's
- Tullio Campagnolo designed 40 years ago. To slow a bike, the
- rider squeezes handgrips, which are attached to cables that pull
- on caliper arms. The arms, in turn, clamp down on the wheel rims
- with rubber pads. The system is simple but doesn't always work,
- especially with heavy loads or on wet roads. After failed brakes
- sent him into a tree 20 years ago, William Mathauser, an
- aeronautical engineer from Anacortes, Wash., set out to improve
- the system. His hydraulic brake has just gone into full
- production.
-
- Borrowing the concept from automobiles, the Mathauser
- Hydraulic Bellow phragm replaces regular brake cables with
- sealed, flexible tubes that contain hydraulic fluid. When the
- rider lightly squeezes the handles, a plunger pushes a silicone
- fluid through the tubes, causing the traditional caliper arms
- to close. "I designed these mostly for women and children," says
- Mathauser, 68. "Girls don't have the grip these macho guys
- have."
-
- SHIFTING SYSTEMS. Changing gears on a ten-speed can be
- difficult and dangerous. Riders have to look away from the road
- to see and adjust the shift levers. If a cyclist tries to change
- gears while standing up to climb a hill, the chain -- and rider
- -- can slip. "Gear fear" is the main reason why "so many of the
- ten-speeds that were bought in the cycling boom in the '70s are
- hanging in garages," says Fred Zahradnik, technical editor of
- Bicycling magazine. But with new index shifting systems from
- companies like Shimano of Irvine, Calif., he explains, "you just
- push the button, hear it click, and you're in gear." Shimano's
- system uses special teeth and ramps to move the chain smoothly
- between gears.
-
- CYCLE COMPUTERS. Tiny, handlebar-mounted computers coveted
- by racers have great appeal to leisure-time cyclists too. Firms
- like Avocet of Menlo Park, Calif., market a variety of
- "cyclometers" that measure and record speed, distance and even
- altitude. Whether gearing up for a race or trying to lose
- weight, cyclists always like to know their vital statistics.
-
- While bicycles are racing into the computer age, many
- changes still lie ahead. The bike of the future will probably
- borrow more materials from the aerospace industry, have a more
- comfortable, ergonomic shape and employ brakes and gearshifts
- that are increasingly easy to use. But a few things will likely
- remain constant: handlebars, pedals, a chain and two wheels.
-
-
-